![]() ![]() ![]() A hot spot of AMV changes is located on the subpolar gyre (SPG) ( 9), and so, proxy records that track SSTs from this area are very valuable to better understand the long-term AMV evolution. In contrast, the Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV), a basin-wide index of sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the North Atlantic, is based on more than a century of instrumental data ( 6). The AMOC has only been directly monitored since 2004, and understanding of its long-term variability is limited ( 8). Several studies have argued that this cooling anomaly resulted in reduced meridional heat transport by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) ( 4– 6), although this hypothesis is not supported by a recent reconstruction of AMOC strength ( 7) or by transient model simulations ( 2). There is evidence that this period was caused by increased Arctic sea ice export that led to cooling in the North Atlantic ( 2, 3). It began in the 13th century because of a drop in temperatures (following the eruption of Samalas in 1257 CE), but temperatures fell abruptly again in the early 15th century ( 1). The Little Ice Age (LIA) was the coldest period in the Holocene in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). ![]()
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